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The ocean economy and climate change nexus
OECD
2025.06.12
- The case of Portugal -

The ocean is vital to both the global economy and climate system, yet it is increasingly under threat from climate change. Ocean acidification, rising temperatures, and sea-level rise are damaging marine ecosystems and undermining the ocean’s role as a climate regulator, while also disrupting economic sectors and communities that rely on marine resources. At the same time, the ocean economy is also a driver of climate change through activities such as shipping, fishing or tourism. This paper explores the ocean-climate nexus, highlighting both the ocean economy’s impact on climate change and its potential to support climate mitigation. Using Portugal as a case study, the paper illustrates practical challenges and policy solutions for aligning economic growth with net-zero goals across key ocean economy sectors.