Rwanda’s livestock sector has expanded significantly in recent years, with growth in animal populations and livestock-derived products largely driven by government modernization initiatives. Despite these gains, the sector faces dual challenges: heightened vulnerability to climate change and a considerable contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. This report reviews Rwanda’s policy frameworks for climate-resilient livestock development and applies the IPCC Tier 2 methodology to estimate methane emissions from dairy cattle. Findings highlight the dominance of the zero-grazing system and its major share of enteric methane emissions. Mitigation options such as diet reformulation, improved forage management, and adoption of anaerobic digesters are identified as effective strategies to reduce emissions while improving productivity.