There is a well-established positive association between family income and children’s test scores in math and reading. One study found that US children from families in the top 10 percent of the income distribution had test scores approximately one standard deviation higher than children from families in the bottom 10 percent, and this difference has grown in recent decades. Another study found that children in the UK from families in the top 20 percent of the income distribution scored about 0.75 standard deviations higher than those in the bottom 20 percent, and this gap has also widened over time.