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Transforming Care Systems towards a Feminist Future: Applying the Three Horizons Framework
Care is the foundation of human wellbeing, social cohesion and sustainable development, yet it remains undervalued and largely invisible within economic and policy systems across Asia and the Pacific. This policy paper applies a feminist systems approach and the Three Horizons strategic foresight model to examine how care systems evolve and how they can be transformed to support equitable, resilient and gender-responsive societies. It draws on the seven levers of the ESCAP Model Framework for Action on the Care Economy to map the institutional, financial, cultural and data-related changes needed to achieve lasting transformation. Horizon 1 (Business as Usual) describes the dominant system in which fragmented governance, underfinancing, limited data, weak coordination and entrenched social norms keep care undervalued and primarily the responsibility of households, especially women. This horizon reveals the structural “lock-in” that prevents meaningful progress: unclear mandates, siloed institutions, informal and low-paid care labour markets, limited uptake of gender-responsive budgeting and minimal recognition of intersectional needs. Horizon 2 (Disruptive Innovation) captures emerging policy and institutional innovations that have the potential to challenge system inertia. Examples include pilots for integrated services, early efforts to recognise unpaid care, initiatives on gender-responsive budgeting, participatory decision-making processes, new data collection efforts and norms-shifting campaigns. These innovations demonstrate what becomes possible when care is acknowledged as a collective concern. However, they are often fragmented and vulnerable to political cycles, underscoring the need for harnessing their potential through institutional anchoring and sustained investment. Horizon 3 (Emerging Futures) presents a long-term vision of a care-centred society in which care is recognised as essential social and economic infrastructure.
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