최신자료
Revisiting occupational segregation and the valuation of women’s work
While population ageing increases the demand for care work, new automation technologies, including AI, reinforce the importance of human interaction, with recent research documenting significant wage premiums for social skills. Against this background, we investigate two factors behind the gender wage gap: occupational gender segregation and lower pay in female-dominated occupations, especially care work, where social skills are central.
Using CPS data from 1972 to 2024, we show that occupational gender segregation continues to be pronounced in the United States. Many care occupations, in particular, have only seen small increases in male employment shares. Such greater occupational shares of women continue to correlate with significantly lower wages: Conditional on observable characteristics, a 1 percentage point increase in the occupational share of women during 2015-24 was on average associated with a 0.22 percent decrease in wages for women and a 0.20 percent decrease for men. We then analyze whether high returns to social skills are distorted in the care sector, where we hypothesize that workers capture fewer returns on their performance because of the public-goods aspect of care work. Based on combined CPS and O*Net data, we investigate occupation-level skills returns for 2015-24. We find that they are indeed sector-dependent: they are insignificant for care workers but sizeable for business services workers.
Using CPS data from 1972 to 2024, we show that occupational gender segregation continues to be pronounced in the United States. Many care occupations, in particular, have only seen small increases in male employment shares. Such greater occupational shares of women continue to correlate with significantly lower wages: Conditional on observable characteristics, a 1 percentage point increase in the occupational share of women during 2015-24 was on average associated with a 0.22 percent decrease in wages for women and a 0.20 percent decrease for men. We then analyze whether high returns to social skills are distorted in the care sector, where we hypothesize that workers capture fewer returns on their performance because of the public-goods aspect of care work. Based on combined CPS and O*Net data, we investigate occupation-level skills returns for 2015-24. We find that they are indeed sector-dependent: they are insignificant for care workers but sizeable for business services workers.
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