This paper uses data from Indonesia to examine the long-term outcomes associated with multiple types of childhood deprivation and highlights policy implications.
The paper constructs a measure of poverty that considers four areas―family, community, economic, and social. It then uses individual-level data spanning 21 years to examine the long-term outcomes associated with these types of childhood deprivation. It finds that adverse outcomes in adulthood are robustly associated not only with a poor family but also with a poor community. It also finds that both economic and social domains matter, though the economic domain’s influence is stronger.