The adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices improves farm income over time but has mixed effects on food diversity.
We utilize panel data gathered over two distinct periods to investigate the dynamic effects of adopting climate-smart agriculture (CSA) on farm income and food diversity among rural households in Odisha, India. By focusing on multiple CSA techniques, categorized as crop-based, seed-based, and farm management practices, the research evaluates how the implementation of these practices impacts household economic outcomes and nutritional diversity over time. The panel data approach facilitates the examination of both immediate and long-term consequences of CSA adoption, enabling the identification of delayed or cumulative effects on farm income and food security. Additionally, the study sheds light on the socioeconomic and institutional factors that drive the adoption of CSA. The findings indicate that while CSA adoption positively influences farm income, its effect on food diversity is more nuanced, suggesting a potential trade-off between increased productivity and dietary variety. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers and development practitioners seeking to promote sustainable agricultural practices that enhance both economic resilience and food security in climate-vulnerable regions.